Relative importance of exotic species traits in determining invasiveness across levels of establishment: Example of freshwater fish

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on Journal blog. Comprendre les facteurs responsables du succès des espèces exotiques est une question de recherche centrale en biologie invasions. Les caractéristiques écologiques jouent un rôle indéniable dans la réussite l’invasion, mais le lien entre traits et différentes dimensions l'invasion reste encore à étudier chez vertébrés. Nous avons déterminé profil écologique, morphologique comportemental 222 poissons d'eau douce selon quatre niveaux d'établissement, définis par nombre bassins lieu d'établissement dehors ou au sein l’aire native. constaté que faiblement établis (dans petit leur biorégion native) étaient regroupés l'espace fonctionnel, caractérisés faible amplitude température, l'absence soins parentaux régime alimentaire zoobenthique. En revanche, dits « super-établis» grand basins possiblement avaient gamme plus large stratégies fonctionnelles, avec davantage régimes alimentaires généralistes niveau élevé parentaux. Dans l'ensemble, présentaient recouvrement fonctionnel d’établissement élevés. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance tenir compte variabilité pour prédire capacité s'établir se propager. To date, overwhelming majority of countries throughout world are home to exotic species (Dawson al., 2017). The current rise in new introductions is set amplify phenomenon biological invasion future (Seebens 2021). Understanding why some become established a location while others fail remains challenging (Enders 2020). Studies have shown that success depends combination different factors involving propagule pressure, biotic characteristics recipient ecosystem and (Allen 2017; Bernery, Bellard, Courchamp, Brosse, & Leroy, 2022; Blackburn 2009; Capellini 2015; Marino 2023; Novoa For instance, reptiles amphibians environments larger or more frequent clutches compared with establish Exotic birds successfully mostly present slow life-history (e.g. body mass low brood value; Sol 2012), those high ecological impacts clutch sizes (Marino 2023). In addition, freshwater fish broad food spectrum greater chance establishing than specialized diets (Ruesink, 2005), although varies stage (Bernery, Gozlan, 2022). Among other factors, play an undeniable role establishment process. However, not all equally successful at invading ecosystems. Some will many locations spread widely such as black rat Rattus rattus, which has populations 417 islands around (Threatened Island Biodiversity Database Partners, 2018), common carp Cyprinus carpio, 730 worldwide (Tedesco Nevertheless, remain limited specific lesser rice field losea, only four Taiwan Strait 2018). As widespread impactful lie core management strategies, it crucial consider invasiveness (Catford 2016). Recent studies demonstrated range size, abundance impact native fauna 2019; Liao When applied plants, these were found be independent differentially related plant traits. example, leaf nitrogen content area strongly associated dry weight was correlated local plants (Liao unknown how trait associations vary along levels animal taxa. Overlooking apparent distinctions can lead inconsistent conclusions about responsible Freshwater one most frequently introduced taxa known their strong (Cucherousset Olden, 2011). Yet taxon less studied terms influencing vertebrate (Pyšek Previous identified impacting regions restricted sample Ribeiro 2008; Tonella Marchetti al. (2004) Drake (2007) both highlighted importance parental care establish, California 39 worldwide, respectively. Peoples Midway (2018) showed size fishing aquaculture use, linked several functional diet, shape temperature range), influenced number watershed eastern United States where established. At global scale, Su (2020) among species, exported outside had extreme morphological translocated within same realm. Yet, they did take into account amplitude) behavioural care) could contribute explaining establishment. Here, we aimed disentangle effects 13 ecological, morphological, behaviour two worldwide: (as proxy size) (i.e. inside bioregion). Considered together, form (Figure 1), ranging from just handful bioregion establishment) over basins, including beyond super-established species). Using trait-based multidimensional space complemented by trait-by-trait analysis, attempted classify vertebrates across given intrinsic We evaluated similarities dissimilarities between groups using density distributions axes space, further completed probabilistic hypervolume approach (Mammola 2021; Mammola Cardoso, invaders 50% perform better others) rest test if More precisely, expect level good swimming abilities, tolerance, generalist diet Carvajal-Quintero Lawson Hill, Ruesink, 2005; Snyder 2014; 2020; database distribution 2017), compiled list recorded habitats FishBase; Froese Pauly, 2019), defined least drainage basin (n = 547). study, entire life cycle self-sustainable population range. then collected information regarding well (Brosse 2019). All analyses performed complete data variables (see Section 2.1.2 below). each fish: (i) (ii) counted status Tedesco (2017). separated categories: basins. cut-off corresponds median Table S1 Supporting Information sensitivity analysis cut-off). Regarding establishment, also distinguished following classification Leroy (2019): bioregion(s) (even it). 120 102 basins; 118 bioregion, 104 it. Based constituted 1). ranged values dimensions. intermediary value dimension but other. previous research, likely facilitate (Table S2). traits, ‘FoodI’ column fooditems() table rfishbase package (Boettiger 2012; Each belonging five categories detritus, nekton, zoobenthos zooplankton), so transformed variable binary according categories. determine breadth. calculated species. purpose, retrieved minimum coldest month maximum hottest Worldclim (Fick Hijmans, considered 0.95 quantile 0.05 avoid outlier values. obtained ‘RepGuild1’ species() divided three lowest highest care: non-guarder, guarder bearer. FISHMORPH First, used pectoral fin vertical position PFiBd ratio relative depth), reflects style. Lateral fins propulsion fine movements, whereas ventral often characterize precise movements (Blake, 2004; Second, length depth (BlBd), hydrodynamics (Su Villéger Third, eye (EhBd), indicates ‘position and/or its prey water column’ Fourth, oral gape (MoBd), thus showing feeding Finally, (in cm). details summarized S2. gathered phylogeny categorical retrieving Genus, Family Order load_taxa() package. ensure intercorrelated, regressed against linear models computed variance inflation (VIF) vif() function car (Fox Weisberg, breadth aliased variables, remainder analyses. Indeed, 12 VIF 3 remaining variables. build space. synthetic provide coordinates low-dimensional funct.dist() quality.fspace() functions mFD (Magneville first computes pairwise distances Gower dissimilarity index (Gower, 1971), permit types continuous numeric, discrete numeric traits). second calculates applying principal coordinate (PC) (PCoA) measures quality spaces A when Euclidean distance pair PC close initial Gower's distance. mean square deviation (mSD, Maire 2015) (with three, dimensions). retained smaller mSD, is, giving accurate representation mSD 4D (mSD 0.046), kept pursue explored correlations calculating Spearman coefficients. non-numeric (parental converted ordered factor highest: 1 2 guarder, assess differences between-group Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, run independently (four vs. four) (inside whether results sensitive group definition, repeated thresholds (cut-off 2, 3, 5 6 basins). small numbers cut-offs corresponded S1), explore influence grouping results, built generalized model ‘number basins’. method presented Appendix 2. proceeded hypervolumes computing metrics taken BAT (Cardoso kernel kernel.build() PCoA groups. Gaussian default parameters (Blonder centroids six two-by-two distances) kernel.similarity() function. Then, estimate dissimilar occupation, kernel.beta() Total beta decomposed replacement (beta replacement) gain loss richness richness), which, respectively, describe shift expansion contraction tested observed significantly higher lower expected chance. With aim, randomly attributed metric. null 999 simulated random expectation measuring effect p-values (2022). above 97.5% below 2.5% (resulting significance 5%). modalities trait, Wilcoxon post hoc tests. nonparametric chi-squared tests independence. ran non-parametric based potential interaction taxonomy. R software (version 4.1.0; Core Team, represented 65% total described S3). essentially driven traits: PC1 detritus feeding, PC2 positively nekton zooplankton feeding. PC3 negatively amplitude. PC4 feeding) addition ability fins). 2). feed zooplankton, blue curves; see S4 statistical tests). Our distributed pink S4). insights (dis)similarities representing quite 3a). under hypothesis. particular, distant S1). part shared 3b). Both overlap (Jaccard 0.61), bioregions 0.62). Conversely, Jaccard 0.35 fish. systematically differed due richness. Despite containing numerous 77), encompassed any (Figures 3). Ultimately, 4). differently levels. amplitude, By contrast, played important specifically, column, longer lateral hydrodynamic Abramis brama, top 25% combine characteristics. Moreover, diverse less. Overall, consumed proportion items detritus) tended non-guarder behaviour. confounding taxonomy describing families orders variety orders, significant (χ2 90.5, df 48, p < 0.001; Figure S2A). Cypriniformes highly group, Leuciscidae family S2B). work contributed fish's location), previously 2016; Species fed care. Interestingly, (ecological, behavioural) our fish, stressing considering studying success. This result demonstrates focusing (2020)) insufficient fully understand Specifically, represent either ‘ecological drivers’ because confer competitive advantage colonizing environment ‘societal make valuable humans size). disentangling establish. emerged main feature bioregion. aquarium Gambusia holbrooki, G. affinis Oreochromis mossambicus bearers care). assume facilitates reproduction captivity, been ornamental marine (Moorhead Zeng, 2010). demersal spawners display degrees cultured, traded, reproductive tanks. selected industry worldwide. corroborates findings scales, (Lawson 2004), unable demonstrate link terrestrial vertebrates, history. (2012) history invested next generation fast-living birds. increasing survival rate offspring, proves critical demography 2004). Contrary expectations, find tolerance) explain Most experience niche after invasion, suggesting climatic conditions constraint realm (Stroud, bodies island-like systems (Itescu, might correspond equilibrium, meaning experienced may tolerable (Lauzeral realized catfish Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii extended 27% (Frederico air would provided view niche. high-temperature (Kolar Lodge, 2002; 2014). easily explained adapt different—and numerous—environments 2002). surprisingly, diets. environment, detritivore resources without competing (Tonella studies, diets, predatory (Moyle Light, 1996; study observe diet. Considering differentiated aforementioned morphology movements) superior mouth type. Large generally preferred anglers consumers, through fishery pathways Because pressure key success, human preference probably influences (Duggan 2006; Lockwood 2009). characteristic advantageous dispersion, manoeuvrable body, beneficial stagnant sneaking vegetation), favouring artificial dam lakes (Dumay intrinsically phylogenetic (Jetz constrained taxonomic organization specifically low-establishment group. (order Cypriniformes)